Rifle

ABSTRACT

A rifle with an upper receiver and a barrel attached to the upper receiver and including a bolt carrier, and operating, buffer, and cooling systems. The operating system includes a cylinder and a piston coupled to receive propelling gases from the barrel. As the piston moves between retracted and extended positions the bolt carrier is moved between closed and open positions. The bolt carrier includes a weight movable within a guide frame between rearward and forward limits. The buffer system includes a compression spring in a tube attached to the upper receiver in abutting engagement with the bolt carrier. A partially fluid filled cylinder is attached to a coil of the spring and includes a piston and shaft. The piston is formed so that fluid in the cylinder restricts movement in one direction and allows free movement in a second direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/205,513 filed Mar. 12, 2014, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/602,287 filed onSep. 3, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/223,263 filed on Aug. 31, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/105,952 filed on May 12, 2011, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/882,343 filed Sep.15, 2010, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/454,589 filed Jun. 16, 2006, which is a divisionalapplication of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/027,956 filed Jan.03, 2005, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/140,268 filed May 07, 2002. The disclosure of all listedabove are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety andpriority is claimed to the earliest application to 7 May 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to firearms. More particularly, the presentinvention relates to automatic, semi-automatic and similar types ofrifles and specifically to modifications of M16 type rifles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several problems are prevalent in automatic and semi-automatic rifles,such as the family of M16 rifles. It will be understood that the familyof M16 rifles discussed herein includes but is not limited to the Ar10and 15, M16, M16A1, M16A2, M16A3, M4, M4A1, etc.

One major problem with these rifles is the operation of the rifle by thedischarge of propellant gases. In all of these rifles a portion of thepropellant gases, after forcing the projectile forward in the barrel,are directed through a tube rearwardly to force the bolt carrierrearwardly so as to eject the spent cartridge. This operation by thepropellant gases becomes a problem because the propellant gases are verydirty and therefore dictate scrupulous and frequent cleaning ofvirtually all parts of the rifle. Even with frequent cleaning jammingcan occur during long periods of usage.

Also, there is some demand for a shorter rifle. However, as the lengthof the rifle is reduced, the passage of the propellant gases to the boltcarrier is reduced in length and the timing of the firing and reloadingcycle is changed. That is, time of the firing cycle is reduced slightlyor the firing rate is increased. This change in timing or increase infiring rate can seriously affect the ejection of the spent cartridge andthe loading of the next cartridge during automatic firing. For example,the increased firing rate, or reduced time of the firing cycle, causesextreme stress on various parts of the mechanism. Specifically, if theunlocking of the bolt lugs from the barrel and extraction of the spentcasing is attempted too early in the cycle, pressures within the firingchamber are very high. The high pressure holds the casing within thechamber and can cause the bolt to break, typically at the cam opening.Other weak areas are sealing rings carried by the bolt.

Also, changes in length and firing rates changes the operation of thebuffer system so that it does not operate as well. Generally, the buffersystem of a rifle is specifically designed to cooperate with the firingmechanism. That is, the buffer system is designed to compress afterfiring a cartridge and to have sufficient stored energy to cause thebolt carrier to strip a new cartridge from the magazine, insert thecartridge in the barrel, and move the bolt into the locked position inpreparation for the next firing cycle. If the firing rate is increased,the timing of the buffer system is not accurately matched to the firingmechanism and jamming or other problems can arise during automaticfiring.

It would be highly advantageous, therefore, to remedy the foregoing andother deficiencies inherent in the prior art.

Accordingly, it is an object the present invention to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improvedautomatic/semi-automatic rifle which is more reliable.

And another object of the present invention is to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle with improved timing in thefiring cycle.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle with improved shock absorbingcharacteristics.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle with improved cartridge ejectionapparatus.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle which can be shortened withoutadversely affecting the timing or operation.

And a further object of the present invention is to provide a new andimproved automatic/semi-automatic rifle which includes an improved heatsink so that the rifle can be fired for longer periods without adverseeffects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, to achieve the desired objects of the present invention inaccordance with a preferred embodiment thereof, provided is a rifle withan upper receiver and a barrel attached to the upper receiver andincluding any one or all of a modified operating system, a modified boltcarrier, a modified buffer system, and/or a cooling system.

The modified operating system is provided in a rifle having an upperreceiver carrying a bolt carrier and a barrel attached to the upperreceiver. The operating system includes a piston assembly coupled to thebarrel for receiving propelling gasses from the barrel. The pistonassembly includes a piston moveable between a retracted position and anextended position. The piston is coupled to the bolt carrier formovement of the bolt carrier from a closed position to an open positionas the piston moves from the retracted position to the extendedposition.

In a preferred and more specific embodiment, the modified operatingsystem includes a piston assembly coupled to the barrel for receivingpropelling gasses from the barrel, including a piston moveable between aretracted position and an extended position. A push rod extends alongthe barrel and has a first end positioned to be engaged by the pistonand a second end coupled to the bolt carrier for movement of the boltcarrier from a closed position to an open position as the piston movesfrom the retracted position to the extended position.

The modified bolt carrier is provided in a rifle having an upperreceiver for carrying a bolt carrier and a barrel attached to the upperreceiver. The bolt carrier includes a tubular guide frame and a forwardportion carrying a bolt. A reciprocating weight is carried within thetubular guide frame for movement between a first position at a rearwardlimit and a second position at a forward limit.

The modified buffer system is provided in a rifle having an upperreceiver carrying a bolt carrier and a barrel attached to the upperreceiver, the bolt carrier having a locked position and an openposition. The buffer system includes an elongated compression springpositioned in a tubular extension member attached to the lower receiverin axial alignment with the upper receiver so as to be in abuttingengagement with the bolt carrier. A partially fluid filled cylinder isfixedly attached to a first coil of the spring. A piston is reciprocallymounted within the cylinder for movement between a first position and asecond position, the piston including a connecting shaft which engages aclosed end of the extension member when the spring is compressed. Thepiston is formed so that the fluid in the cylinder restricts movement ofthe piston toward the first position and allows substantially freemovement of the piston toward the second position. The piston is mountedso that compression of the spring by movement of the bolt carrier fromthe locked position to the open position moves the piston in thecylinder toward the first position and expansion of the spring moves thebolt carrier from the open position to the locked position and moves thepiston in the cylinder toward the second position.

A cooling system for the rifle includes an elongated tubular memberaffixed to the barrel for conveying heat from the barrel to the tubularmember and a plurality of parallel, circumferentially extending heatexchanging fins attached to the tubular member. A hand guard is providedto protect an operators hand from the fins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and further and more specific objects and advantages ofthe invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the artfrom the following detailed description of a preferred embodimentthereof, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a rifle in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a partially exploded side view of the rifle of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a view in top plan of a portion of the rifle of FIG. 1,illustrating an operating system at initiation of a cycle, in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged partially exploded perspective view of a portionof the operating system of FIG. 3, at subsequent position of the cycle;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of another portion of the operating systemthat mates with the portion illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged view similar to FIG. 4, portion thereof brokenaway and shown in section;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged perspective view of a heat sink according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates the upper receiver and barrel assembly of the riflewith the operating system attached;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged partial perspective view of a portion of theoperating system with handguard attached;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are imported drawings FIG. 3 and FIG. 2. respectivelyfrom incorporated by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/105,700;

FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view of a prior art bolt and boltcarrier;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of a bolt carrier in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 12 is an assembly perspective view of the bolt carrier of FIG. 11,inverted to better illustrate the assembly;

FIG. 13 is a top view of the lower receiver;

FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the upper receiver;

FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 are perspective views illustrating explodedperspective views of a prior art buffer system;

FIG. 18 is a partial exploded perspective view illustrating a buffersystem and butt stock according to the present invention;

FIG. 19 is an exploded perspective view illustrating relativepositioning of the buffer system and butt stock of FIG. 18 and the boltcarrier of FIG. 11;

FIG. 20 is a side elevation view of the buffer system, portions thereofbroken away;

FIG. 21 is an enlarged perspective view of a spring engaging element ofthe buffer system;

FIG. 22 is an enlarged perspective view of the buffer system withportion broken away and shown in section; and

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a portion of the buffer system of FIG.22.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Turning now to the drawings in which like reference characters indicatecorresponding elements throughout the several views, attention isdirected to FIG. 1 which illustrates a rifle generally designated 10.Rifle 10 is illustrated as an M4 type carbine for purposes of thisexplanation. However, it should be understood by one skilled in the artthat any of the family of M16 rifles can incorporate one or more of thefollowing modifications. It will be understood that the family of M16rifles includes but is not limited to the Ar10 and 15, M16, M16A1,M16A2, M16A3, M4, M4A1, etc. Furthermore, in specific applications, oneor more of the herein described modifications may be used on otherrifles.

With additional reference to FIG. 2, general components of rifle 10include an upper receiver 12, barrel 14, bolt carrier assembly 15, lowerreceiver 16 and butt stock 18. Various modifications incorporated intorifle 10 include an operating system 20, illustrated more specificallyin FIGS. 3-9, a bolt carrier 22, illustrated more specifically in FIGS.11 and 12, and buffer system 24, illustrated more specifically in FIGS.18-23.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, operating system 20 includes a cylindricalbase member 30 receivable about barrel 14 (illustrated in broken lines),a manifold 32 carried by base member 30, and a piston assembly 34carried by cylindrical base member 30, adjacent manifold 32. Cylindricalbase member 30 is mounted on barrel 14 such that an aperture 35 isformed extending concurrently through barrel 14, base member 30 andmanifold 32, providing gaseous communication between barrel 14 andmanifold 32. Manifold 32 includes an adjustable plug 36 engaged in theforward end, and a plug 38 threadedly engaged in and closing therearward end. Aperture 35 is formed proximate the forward end ofmanifold 32, and another aperture 39 is formed between manifold 32 andpiston assembly 34 proximate the rearward end of manifold 32. Adjustableplug 36 is threadedly receivable within and closes the forward end ofmanifold 32, and is movable longitudinally within manifold 32 to adjustgas flow through aperture 35, either increasing or decreasing the gasflow from barrel 14 into manifold 32.

Piston assembly 34 includes a cylinder 40, a piston 42 and an end plug43. Cylinder 40 is positioned generally parallel to barrel 14 withaperture 39 forming a communicating passage between manifold 32 and theinterior of cylinder 40. End plug 43 is threadedly engaged in and closesthe forward end of cylinder 40. Piston 42 is carried within cylinder 40and includes a hollow piston head 45 with self cleaning grooves 46formed in piston head 45, to prevent build-up of powder residue such ascarbon, engaging an inner surface of cylinder 40. Piston head 45 is openat a forward end and closed at a rearward end by a rod 47 extending fromthe rearward end. Rod 47 is extendable through an open rearward end ofcylinder 40 for purposes that will be described presently. Piston 42 ismovable between a retracted position as shown in FIG. 3, and an extendedposition as shown in FIG. 4. An aperture 48 is formed in piston head 45proximate the rearward end and aligned with aperture 39 when piston 42is in the retracted position. A flat surface 49 is formed on rod 47 soas to engage an alignment projection 50 extending from an inner surfaceof cylinder 40 proximate the open rearward end. The engagement of flatsurface 49 and projection 50 maintain radial alignment of piston 42within cylinder 40 to insure alignment of apertures 39 and 48 in theretracted position.

Starting from the retracted position (see FIG. 3), a cartridge is firedgenerating gasses that propel a projectile 52 down barrel 14. Asprojectile 52 passes aperture 35, some of the propelling gasses arediverted into manifold 32, as adjusted by adjustable plug 36. The gassesin manifold 32 pass through aperture 39 and aperture 48, moving piston42 to the extended position (see FIG. 4). As piston 42 moves into theextended position, rod 47 abuts an end of a push rod 54 and moves pushrod 54 in a rearward direction, providing an opening impetus to boltcarrier assembly 15. The length of manifold 32 determines the period oftime for gas to flow from aperture 35 to aperture 39. This period oftime contributes to a reduction in the cyclic rate of fire of rifle 10.Thus, increased or decreased rates of fire can be, in part, adjusted bychanging the length of manifold 32. This is typically selected duringmanufacture, but may be made adjustable in specific applications.

Referring additionally to FIGS. 5 and 6, a rearward end of push rod 54is received within a drive key 60 (contact point) carried by boltcarrier 22 for moving bolt carrier assembly 15 to an open position.Drive key 60 includes a tubular projection 62 for slidably receiving therearward end of push rod 54. Tubular projection 62 includes a resilientbumper 64 positioned between the rearward end of push rod 54 and aninner surface of drive key 60. Bumper 64 is constructed to compressslightly from the force of the rearward movement of push rod 54. Bumper64 can be formed of substantially any resilient material (even aspring), such as urethane and preferably having a durometer of 90. Theslight compression momentarily delays and stores a portion of therearward force. The delay allows pressures within the firing chamber ofrifle 10 to fall after firing the cartridge, before rearward movement ofbolt carrier assembly 15 occurs. The lower pressures allow easier andless stressful continuation of the firing cycle.

Once the fully extended position of piston 42 has been reached, thefiring cycle continues with bolt carrier assembly 15 being moved to aclosed position by other elements. The closing action moves push rod 54in a forward direction, moving piston 42 to the retracted positionpreparatory to another firing cycle. As piston 42 moves forwardly to theretracted position, gasses within cylinder 40 are exhausted throughpiston head 45 and out through aperture 48. It should be noted thatpiston 42 and push rod 54 are separated into two elements in thisembodiment (although more can be employed), allowing for some deviationin their alignment. A single push rod can be employed, however thedistance between piston head 45 and drive key 60 is substantial, and anydistortion of a single rod will cause binding and drag, adverselyaffecting operation.

Referring to FIG. 7, a heat sink 65 is illustrated for use with rifle10. Heat sink 65 is an elongated tubular member with a plurality ofparallel, circumferentially extending heat exchanging fins 66. A channel67 is formed in fins 66 along the top of heat sink 65 to accommodatepiston assembly 34 and push rod 54. Channel 67 is widened at the forwardend of heat sink 65 to permit access to plug 38 for maintenance. Heatsink 65 is formed of a good heat conductive material, preferablyaluminum, bonded to barrel 14 using a heat conductive material, such asa ceramic based adhesive, press fit or welded. With additional referenceto FIG. 8, heat sink 65 is carried by barrel 14 intermediate base member30 and a barrel nut 68. Barrel nut 68 couples barrel 14 to upperreceiver 12 and includes an aperture through which push rod 54 extends.Barrel nut 68 also carries a hand guard 69 having a central void 71 anda channel 74 extending therealong and adjacent thereto (see FIG. 9 andFIG. 9A) and is described in detail in co-pending U.S. PatentApplication entitled “RIFLE HANDGUARD SYSTEM WITH INTEGRATED BARREL NUT”filed 25 March 2002, Ser. No. 10/105,700, herein incorporated byreference. It will be understood that other barrel nuts and hand guardscan be employed if desired. For example FIG. 9B (which is FIG. 2 of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/105,700) illustrates a handguard 69including a handguard rail 70 and an extending portion 1172, where theextending portion 1172 is configured to extend beyond a barrel nut 68when the handguard 69 is coupled to an upper receiver 12 and where theextending portion 1172 is configured to engage at least a portion of theupper receiver 12 to rotationally align the handguard rail 70 with arail on the upper receiver 1173. Additionally illustrated in FIG. 9B isa coupling portion (a non limiting example being the barrel nut 68) andbarrel 14. Additionally illustrated in FIG. 9B, the handguard 69overlies and couples to the barrel 14 in at least one location (a nonlimiting example being the surface of the barrel nut 68), where at leastone removable fastener 1174 can be used. FIG. 9A (which is FIG. 3 ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/105,700) additionally shows aportion of an upper receiver 12 illustrated with a barrel 14 having abase end 1 144 received by a barrel receiving receptacle 1 1 45 of upperreceiver 12.

Turning now to FIG. 10, a prior art bolt carrier 70 and bolt 72 areillustrated. FIG. 10 is included to show bolt 72, which is substantiallysimilar to the bolt employed in rifle 10 of the present invention, andthe bolt carrier is shown for a comparison with bolt carrier 22according to the present invention. In operation during a firing cycle,bolt 72 is locked to the barrel in a locked position by lugs 73 rotatedin a locking orientation. Upon detonation of a cartridge, gas isdirected from the barrel to bolt carrier 70, moving carrier 70 in arearward direction. A cam pin 75 extends through a cam opening 76 inbolt carrier 70 into an opening 77 in bolt 72. During the initialrearward movement, cam pin 75 is cammed in a rotary movement by camopening 76, rotating bolt 72 to unlock lugs 73 from the barrel. Thecontinued rearward movement moves bolt 72 and bolt carrier 22 to a fullyopened position and extracts the fired casing.

While effective, the gasses entering the mechanism tend to reduce theefficiency of the device and the mechanism must be cleaned frequently.Additionally, while the originally designed rifle worked relativelywell, later models that have been shortened have significant drawbacks.By shortening the barrel, the gas tube directing propellant gasses tobolt carrier 70 is shortened, increasing the firing rate. The increasedfiring rate, or reduced time of the firing cycle, causes extreme stresson various parts of the mechanism. Specifically, if the unlocking oflugs 73 from the barrel and extraction of the spent casing is attemptedtoo early in the cycle, pressures within the firing chamber are veryhigh. The high pressure holds the casing within the chamber and cancause bolt 72 to break, typically at opening 77. Other weak areas aresealing rings 78 carried by bolt 72.

Turning now to FIGS. 11 and 12, bolt carrier 22, according to thepresent invention, is illustrated. Bolt carrier 22 carries a bolt 80(see FIGS. 1 and 5), and includes a cam pin 81 riding within a camopening 82 that operate in a conventional manner, as briefly describedabove. Bolt 80 is a conventional bolt operated in a similar manner, andwill not be described in further detail. Bolt carrier 22 is modifiedfrom existing bolt carriers by the addition of a reciprocating weight85. Weight 85 is carried within a rearward portion of bolt carrier 22,which is formed into a tubular guide frame 87. A forward portion 88 ofbolt carrier 22 carries bolt 80 and firing pin 90.

Weight 85 is cylindrical with a rearward end defining a surface 92 and aforward end, which in this embodiment is bifurcated to define a branch93 and a branch 94. Branch 93 includes one or more bumpers 95 formed ofa resilient material to absorb contact energy from forward portion 88.Bumpers 95 can be attached to the forward surface of branch 93 or setwithin mating openings, etc. Branch 94 includes a receptacle 97extending from a forward surface thereof longitudinally into branch 94to allow a biasing member such as a spring 98 and a locator rod 99 to becontained therein with locator rod 99 contacting forward portion 88.Locator rod 99 can be forced into receptacle 97 against the bias ofspring 98 a distance sufficient to permit bumpers 95 to contact forwardportion 88. One skilled in the art will understand that bumpers 95 andlocator rod 99 can be interchanged between branches 93 and 94.

Weight 85 has a starting position, which is at a rearward limit withinguide frame 87, and a forward position, which is at a forward limitwherein bumpers 95 contact forward portion 88. Locator rod 99 biasesweight 85 rearwardly toward the starting position. A limit pin 102 iscarried within an aperture extending through weight 85 proximate therearward end. Guide frame 87 has guide slots 103 formed on opposingsides to receive ends of limit pin 102 extending from weight 85. Limitpin 102 prevents rotation of weight 85, and limits the rearward movementthereof.

In operation, upon firing rifle 10, bolt carrier 22 is moved in therearward direction by push rod 54 acting on drive key 60. Weight 85 hasa resting inertia that causes it to move forward relative to boltcarrier 22 into the forward position. In other words, as bolt carrier 22moves rearwardly, weight 85 remains substantially stationary withlocator rod 99 being urged into receptacle 97 against the bias of spring98, absorbing some of the forces generated by firing the cartridge(firing forces). Upon weight 85 reaching the forward position, bumpers95 contact forward portion 88, again absorbing some of the firingforces. As carrier 22 continues in the rearward direction some of thefiring forces are used to start weight 85 in a rearward direction, andare conserved as inertia of weight 85.

A buffer system located within butt stock 18, which may be a prior artbuffer system or buffer system 24 to be described presently, cooperateswith bolt carrier 22 and weight 85 to continue the firing cycle. As boltcarrier 22 moves rearwardly, it is in contact with and compresses thebuffer system. Thus, the buffer system absorbs firing forces, andutilizes the forces to complete the firing cycle by moving bolt carrier22 in a forward direction, stripping the next cartridge from a magazineand continuing forward to lock bolt 80 to barrel 14. Because of theinertia of weight 85, as bolt carrier 22 moves forward, weight 85 lagsbehind until it reaches the rearward limit, which is the start position.Weight 85, while in the start position, is still moving with boltcarrier 22 in a forward direction. When bolt carrier 22 reaches theforward or locked position, it is ready to fire another cartridge.Because of the inertia of weight 85 it continues moving in the forwarddirection. Upon firing another cartridge soon after firing the initialcartridge, such as in a fully automatic mode, bolt carrier 22 will againmove rearwardly as described in the previous cycle, but weight 85 hasnot yet reached the forward position. As bolt carrier 22 movesrearwardly and weight 85 moves forwardly, bumpers 95 contact forwardportion 88. Thus, the firing forces conserved by weight 85 and convertedto its forward momentum, are expended to cancel part of the firingforces of the next firing cycle. At this point, weight 85 begins asecond cycle as described in the first cycle.

It should be noted that an additional improvement provided by theembodiment illustrate in FIG. 11, is a shortening of drive key 60 topermit additional space for allowing rearward movement of bolt carrier22. Specifically in the preferred embodiment, ¼inch of the rear end ofdrive key 60 is removed to permit an additional ¼inch of travel of boltcarrier 22. The additional distance permits a larger margin for theejection of a spent cartridge and receipt of the next cartridge andprovides a fraction more time for the next cartridge in the magazine tomove into position.

Referring to FIG. 13, a top view of the lower receiver is shown. In FIG.14 a bottom view of the upper receiver is shown. These views areincluded to illustrate various components and their relative orientationof rifle 10, generally similar to components of the prior art, notdescribed in detail.

Turning now to FIGS. 15-17, perspective exploded views are providedillustrating a prior art buffer system 110. Buffer system 110 includesan elongated hollow cylinder 112 designed to be received within a buttstock 113. A forward end of cylinder 112 is attached to a lower receiver115 and is open to receive a buffer compression spring 116 therein. Anelongated weight 118 is constructed to fit within compression spring 116with a forward end contacting the bolt carrier (not shown). As the boltcarrier is forced rearwardly by firing a cartridge, weight 118 is forcedrearwardly and compresses spring 116. The combination of overcoming theinertia of weight 118 and compressing spring 116 absorbs firing forcesgenerated by the firing of the cartridge. The absorbed forces are storedby the spring and converted to a forward movement of the bolt carrier byre-expansion of the spring.

Turning now to FIGS. 18-23, buffer system 24 according to the presentinvention is illustrated in detail. It will be understood that buffersystem 24 can be used alone with the prior art (e.g., in place of thebuffer system illustrated in FIGS. 15-17) or in combination with any ofthe preceding modifications. Referring specifically to FIG. 18, a buttstock 18 is illustrated for attachment to a tubular extension member120. Extension member 120 allows adjustment of butt stock 18 andcontains buffer system 24. Extension member 120 is threadedly coupled tolower receiver 16 with buffer system 24 aligned with bolt carrier 22 asshown in FIG. 19.

Buffer system 24 includes an elongated compression spring 122 and apiston assembly 124 carried therein. Piston assembly 124 has a partiallyfluid filled cylinder 125 attached to a coil, which in this embodimentis a forward end 126, of spring 122 and a piston 128 carried by a shaft129 within cylinder 125. Shaft 129 extends rearwardly coaxially withinspring 122 and terminates in an anchor portion 130. Anchor portion 130includes a spring engaging ring 132 (best seen in FIG. 21) designed tobe positioned within spring 122 at substantially a median coil 133thereon and a connecting member 134 configured to engage a shoulder ofring 132 during expansion of spring 122, but free to pass through ring132 during compression of spring 122. Connection member 134 ispreferably constructed of a resilient material such as urethane. Arearward end of shaft 129 is received by and coupled to connectingmember 134, to expand piston assembly 124 from a point in fixedrelationship with turn 133. Spring 122 is compressible rearward of turn133 and is also compressible forward of turn 133 with compression ofpiston assembly 124. Piston assembly 124 also includes a reciprocatingweight 136 carried by shaft 129 intermediate anchor portion 130 andcylinder 125. Weight 136 is biased rearwardly toward connection member134 by a compression spring 138 positioned coaxially around shaft 129between weight 136 and cylinder 125. A bumper member 137 formed of anelastomeric or resilient material in a ring shape, is carried in agroove formed in the forward end of cylinder 125, to receive and absorba portion of the force from contact with bolt carrier 22. Bumper member137 is positioned to contact both the rearward end of guide frame 87 andreciprocating weight 92.

With additional reference to FIG. 23, a packing seal 140 is positionedwithin cylinder 125 at a rearward end, to provide a fluid seal aroundshaft 129, allowing reciprocating movement of shaft 129. A forward endof shaft 129 carries piston 128, which moves within cylinder 125 whenthe portion of spring 122 forward of turn 133 is compressed. Piston 128has a plurality of holes 142 formed axially therethrough for the limitedpassage of fluid as piston 128 is moved through the fluid in cylinder125. A flapper valve 144 is affixed to piston 128 coaxially over shaft129 so as to lie over the forwardly facing surface of piston 128 andholes 142.

Thus, as piston 128 is forced forward (to the right in FIGS. 22 and 23)in cylinder 125 holes 142 are closed by flapper valve 144 and fluid musttravel around the outer edges of piston 128. This limits the flow offluid and substantially slows the movement of piston 128. As spring 122reaches the extent of its compression and begins to expand, piston 128moves in a rearward direction (to the left in FIGS. 22 and 23). Fluid incylinder 125 now flows through holes 142, since flapper valve 144 is ina non-restricting position and piston 128 moves substantially freely.Thus, movement of piston 128 is substantially restricted in the forwarddirection (compression of spring 122) and substantially unrestricted inthe rearward direction (expansion of spring 122). It will also be notedthat spring 122 is positioned in tubular extension member 120 so thatthe rear end of bolt carrier 22 abuts forward end 126 of spring 122.Therefore, immediately after the firing of a cartridge the rearwardmovement of bolt carrier 22 compresses spring 122. When spring 122 isnear full compression, anchor portion 130 contacts the end wall ofextension member 120, forcing piston 128 toward the forward end ofcylinder 125. The restricted movement of piston 128 in the forwarddirection tends to absorb more of the shock generated by the propellinggases during the firing cycle while the substantially unrestrictedmovement of piston 128 in the rearward direction allows piston 128 tomore quickly return to an at-rest position. Piston 128 is moved in therearward direction by the expansion of compression spring 122. As spring122 expands, connection member 134 engages ring 132 and pulls on shaft129 returning piston assembly 124 to its extended position.

Also, the at-rest inertia of reciprocating weight 136 of buffer system124 causes weight 136 to be initially forced forward, relative to therearward movement of shaft 129 by the rearward movement of bolt carrier22, and against the bias of spring 138. This movement of weight 136 andconsequent compression of spring 138 essentially absorbs and storesenergy produced by propellant gases during the firing cycle. Thecombination of overcoming the inertia of weight 136 and compressingspring 138 absorbs firing forces generated by the firing of thecartridge. The absorbed forces are stored by both the inertia of weight136 and compression of spring 138 and converted to a forward movement ofthe bolt carrier by re-expansion of the spring.

Turning now to rifle 10 of FIG. 1 and referring additionally to thedrawings of the various modifications discussed above, the operation ofrifle 10 with all of the modifications involved will be explained.Assume that an initial cartridge is chambered in barrel 14 with bolt 80locked in place, bolt carrier 22 in a closed position, and all of thevarious components in an at-rest position. The trigger is operated andprojectile 52 is sent down barrel 14 by the resulting propellant gases.The propellant gases enter manifold 32 and piston assembly 34, forcingpushrod 54 against drive key 60. Drive key 60 forces bolt carrier 22rearwardly, ejecting the spent shell casing from barrel 14.

Weight 85 in bolt carrier 22 has a resting inertia that causes it tomove forward relative to bolt carrier 22 into the forward position. Inother words, as bolt carrier 22 moves rearwardly, weight 85 remainssubstantially stationary. Locator rod 99 is urged into receptacle 97against the bias of spring 98, absorbing some of the forces generated byfiring the cartridge (firing forces). Upon weight 85 reaching theforward position, bumpers 95 contact forward portion 88, again absorbingsome of the firing forces. As carrier 22 continues in the rearwarddirection some of the firing forces are used to start weight 85 in arearward direction, and is conserved as inertia of weight 85.

The rearward movement of bolt carrier 22 abutting buffer system 24 alsocompresses spring 122 of buffer system 24. Compression of spring 122ultimately moves piston 128 forward in cylinder 125 when connectionmember 134 contacts the back of extension member 120, with the movementbeing suppressed by the liquid in cylinder 125, which absorbs more ofthe firing forces. Also, weight 136, which has a resting inertia thatcauses it to move forward relative to shaft 129, ultimately moves intothe forward position against the bias of compression spring 138. Movingweight 136 against its inertia and compressing spring 138 absorbs moreof the firing forces. The result is that a substantial amount of theinitial firing forces are absorbed so that little force is ultimatelytransmitted to butt stock 18.

Once bolt carrier 22 reaches its maximum rearward or open position,spring 122 begins to expand and urge bolt carrier 22 back toward theclosed position. Each reciprocating weight 85 (in bolt carrier 22) and136 (in buffer system 24) is now started forward against their inertia,using up some of the force of compression spring 122, however, piston128 moves more freely because flapper valve 144 allows the fluid to flowthrough holes 142. Thus, there is less resistance and the next round isstripped from the magazine and chambered in barrel 14 as bolt 80 islocked in place. The movement of bolt carrier 22 toward the lockedposition moves pushrod 54 against piston 42 toward the retractedposition, which forces out any gases remaining in cylinder 40.

Assuming that rifle 10 is being fired in the automatic mode, once thenext cartridge is loaded and locked in place it is fired. The abovedescribed cycle repeats, except that the design of the components issuch that reciprocating weights 85 and 136 are still moving and have notyet reached the maximum or at-rest positions. In other words, weights 85and 136 still have stored some of the energy absorbed from the previousfiring. Now as bolt carrier 22 is moved in a rearward direction by thepropellant gases from the next cartridge fired, weights 85 and 136 aremoving forward and extra energy from the firing forces is absorbed inovercoming the stored energy as well as the inertia described above.Thus, part of the energy from the previous cartridge fired is stored andused to offset some of the energy generated during the next firing. Theresult is that an even larger amount of the firing forces are absorbed,during firings subsequent to the initial firing in the automatic mode sothat even less force is ultimately transmitted to butt stock 18.

Thus, a new and improved automatic/semi-automatic rifle is disclosedwhich is more reliable because it uses a positive acting pushrodassembly, rather than a gas ejection system. Also, the new and improvedautomatic/semi-automatic rifle is designed with improved timing in thefiring cycle so that shortening or other changes have little or noeffect on the firing rate and, hence, on the operation. Further, the newand improved automatic/semi-automatic rifle includes improved shockabsorbing characteristics that substantially reduce the recoil effectsof firing. Also, the new and improved automatic/semi-automatic rifleincludes an improved heat sink so that the rifle can be fired for longerperiods without adverse effects.

Various changes and modifications to the embodiments herein chosen forpurposes of illustration will readily occur to those skilled in the art.To the extent that such modifications and variations do not depart fromthe spirit of the invention, they are intended to be included within thescope thereof, which is assessed only by a fair interpretation of thefollowing claims.

Having fully described the invention in such clear and concise terms asto enable those skilled in the art to understand and practice the same,the invention claimed is:
 1. A handguard comprising: a tubular portion,where the tubular portion is configured to slide over a barrel and slideover a barrel nut; and a rail attached to the tubular portion, where analignment portion rotationally aligns the rail to a receiver, where thetubular portion is configured to have an inner surface, where the innersurface exerts a force on the barrel nut when a force is exerted on thetubular portion.
 2. The handguard according to claim 1, where thealignment portion is part of the receiver.
 3. The handguard according toclaim 1, where the alignment portion is configured to be inserted into aportion of the handguard and where the alignment portion is configuredto be inserted into part of the receiver.
 4. A rifle comprising: thehandguard of claim 1; a barrel; and an upper receiver.
 5. The rifleaccording to claim 4, further comprising: a barrel nut.
 6. The rifleaccording to claim 5, where the handguard and the upper receiver areformed from a single unitary piece of metal.
 7. The rifle according toclaim 6, further comprising: a receiver rail.
 8. The rifle according toclaim 7, further comprising: an extending portion, where the extendingportion is configured to rotationally align the handguard rail with theupper receiver.
 9. The rifle according to claim 8, where the handguardis configured to slide over at least a portion of the operating system.10. The rifle according to claim 9, where the operating system includesa piston and a push rod system.
 11. The rifle according to claim 10,where the piston and push rod system includes a piston and a push rod,where the piston and a push rod are separate components.
 12. The rifleaccording to claim 11, where the piston is configured to exert force onthe push rod.